PENERAPAN PERMAINAN WORTDOMINO DALAM PEMBELAJARAN NOMINA BERBAHASA JERMAN

ABSTRAKSI Alam, Oktavia Surya Nur. 2019. Penerapan Permainan Wortdomino dalam Pembelajaran Nomina Bahasa Jerman. SKRIPSI. Bandung: Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Jerman. Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Penguasaan kosakata memiliki peranan penting dalam keterampilan berbahasa. Keterampilan berbahasa tersebut yaitu menyimak, membaca, menulis dan berbicara. Nomina merupakan salah satu bagian dari kosakata yang harus dikuasai oleh siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa Jerman. Jika siswa menguasai banyak nomina dalam bahasa Jerman, maka siswa akan lebih mudah untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu dalam bahasa Jerman. Pada umumnya siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam penguasaan nomina. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan media permainan yang dapat membantu siswa dalam meningkatkan penguasaan nomina. Wortdomino merupakan salah satu media yang dapat diterapkan dalam pembelajaran nomina. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) Penguasaan nomina bahasa Jerman siswa sebelum penerapan permainan Wortdomino.; (2) Penguasaan nomina bahasa Jerman siswa setelah penerapan permainan Wortdomino.; dan (3) Efektivitas penggunaan permainan Wortdomino dalam pembelajaran nomina bahasa Jerman. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode Quasi Experimen atau metode eksperimen semu. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 15 Bandung Tahun Ajaran 2018/2019, adapun sampel yang mewakili populasi adalah siswa kelas XI IBB yang berjumlah 31 siswa. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Nilai rata-rata tes awal adalah 53,38 dan termasuk kategori “cukup baik”; (2) Nilai rata-rata tes akhir adalah 87,29 dan termasuk kategori “sangat baik”; dan (3) Penerapan media permainan Wortdomino efektif dalam pembelajaran nomina bahasa Jerman. Berdasarkan uji-t diketahui bahwa t_hitung lebih besar dari t_tabel (10,57 > 1,697). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Wortdomino efektif dalam pembelajaran nomina bahasa Jerman. Oleh karena itu, Wortdomino dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu media alternatif bagi guru untuk meningkatkan penguasaan nomina bahasa Jerman siswa. Kata kunci: Media Permainan, Wortdomino, Nomina ABSTRACT Alam, Oktavia Surya Nur. 2019. The Application of Wortdomino in Noun Learning of German. Thesis. Bandung: German Education Departement. The Faculty of Language and Literarure Education. Indonesia University f Education. Noun takes important role in language compherensions. Those compherensions are listening, reading, writing and speaking. Nouns are part of the vocabulary that students have to understand in learning German. If students are able to understand as many nouns, obviously they would be able to express something in German. The students have difficulties to understand noun in general, therefore “Wortdomino” is one of a learning media that can support students’ needs in understanding nouns. The purposes of this research are to determine: (1) Students’ German-Noun understanding before aplicating “Wortdomino”; (2) Students’ German-Noun understanding after aplicating “Wortdomino”.;(3) The effectiveness of aplicating Wortdomino” in understanding German-nouns. This research uses Quasi Experiment method. The population on this research is students of SMA Negeri 15 Bandung all-grader in 2018/2019 academic year, and the sample is XI IBB with 31 students. The results of data analysis show that: (1) The initial test average score is 53,38 which suits the “enough” category.; (2) The final test average score was 87,29 which suits the “excellent” category.; and (3) The aplicating of the “Wortdomino” is effective in learning German nouns. Based on the t-test it is known that t_count is higher than t_(table ) (10,57 > 1,697). Thus, it can be concluded that “Wortdomino” is effectively used to improve learning of noun in German. Therefore “Wortdomino” can be used as an alternative medium for teachers t improve students’understanding of German nouns. Keywords: Learning Media, Wortdomino, Nou

Cekaman Genangan dan Pemberian Pupuk N, P, K terhadap Karakter Pertumbuhan, Fisiologi dan Hasil Tanaman Jewawut di Inceptisol

Genangan merupakan salah satu stress abiotik utama, yang dapat menentukan keberhasilan atau kegagalan hasil panen berdasarkan frekuensi dan luasnya genangan dikarenakan beberapa tanaman tidak menyukai kondisi tanah yang terlalu basah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) batas toleransi cekaman genangan terhadap pertumbuhan, hasil tanaman jewawut, (2) pengaruh efisiensi pemberian pupuk N, P, K terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman jewawut (3) bagaimana toleransi cekaman genangan dan efisiensi pemberian pupuk N, P, K terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman jewawut. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Green House Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman (UNSOED) pada bulan April sampai dengan Desember 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan percobaan faktorial dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) dengan dua faktor perlakuan yaitu 4 taraf dosis pupuk N, P, K dan 4 taraf genangan diulang sebanyak 3 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan kombinasi dosis pupuk N, P, K dan genangan berpengaruh nyata terhadap luas daun, bukaan stomata dan kerapatan stomata. Hasil luas daun lebih baik pada kombinasi dosis pupuk 100% N, P, K pada tanpa genangan yaitu 106,22 cm2 bila dibandingkan dengan kombinasi dosis pupuk 25% N, P, K pada genangan 4 – 5 cm mengalami penurunan menjadi 12,00 cm2, hasil bukaan stomata lebih baik ditunjukkan pada kombinasi dosis pupuk 50% N, P, K pada tanpa genangan yaitu 7,91 µm bila dibandingkan dengan kombinasi dosis pupuk 50% N, P, K pada genangan 4 – 5 cm menjadi 2,91 µm, dan Hasil kerapatan stomata lebih baik ditunjukkan pada kombinasi dosis pupuk 50% N, P, K pada tanpa genangan yaitu 266,41/mm2 bila dibandingkan dengan kombinasi dosis pupuk 100% N, P, K pada genangan 4 – 5 cm menjadi 165,72/mm2. Tanaman jewawut masih memiliki batas toleransi untuk tumbuh pada genangan 1 – 2 cm dilihat dari hasil tanaman yaitu pada bobot basah tanaman dan bobot kering tanaman lebih rendah, masing – masing 23,01 % dan 20,70% dibandingkan dengan perlakuan tanpa genangan. Kata kunci: Genangan, Jewawut, Pupuk N, P, K

Cekaman Genangan dan Pemberian Pupuk N, P, K terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Jewawut (Setaria italica L) di Inceptisols

Genangan merupakan salah satu stress abiotik yang dapat memengaruhi hasil panen tergantung frekuensi dan luasnya genangan, serta jenis tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dan interaksi cekaman genangan dan pemberian pupuk N, P, K terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman jewawut di Inceptisols. Penelitian dilaksanakan di greenhouse Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jenderal Soedirman pada bulan April sampai Desember 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan percobaan faktorial yang disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) dengan dua faktor perlakuan, yaitu empat taraf dosis pupuk N, P, K (N, P, K = 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) dan empat taraf tingkat genangan (tanpa genangan, genangan 1 – 2 cm, genangan 2 – 3 cm, genangan 4 – 5 cm) dan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Variabel pengamatan terdiri dari tinggi tanaman, luas daun, bukaan stomata, kerapatan stomata, umur berbunga, umur panen, panjang malai, bobot malai, bobot basah tanaman, bobot kering tanaman. Terdapat interaksi antara perlakuan dosis pupuk N, P, K dengan tingkat genangan pada variabel luas daun, bukaan dan kerapatan stomata. Perlakuan tingkat genangan secara mandiri mempengaruhi variabel tinggi tanaman, bobot basah dan bobot kering tanaman, serta karakter hasil yaitu umur berbunga, umur panen, panjang dan bobot malai. Cekaman genangan menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan pada karakter pertumbuhan, fisiologis maupun karakter hasil pada tanaman jewawut. Penurunan terbesar terjadi pada karakter bobot basah tanaman (81,6%), bobot kering tanaman (80,1%), dan bobot malai (89,6%)

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations. METHODS: We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923-1994.Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017,34.1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33.3-35.0) deaths and 121 billion (144-1.28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61.0% (59.6-62.4) of deaths and 48.3% (46.3-50.2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10.4 million (9.39-11.5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7.10 million [6.83-7.37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6.53 million [5.23-8.23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4.72 million [2.99-6.70] deaths and 148 million [98.6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1.43 million [1.36-1.51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4.9% (3.3-6.5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23.5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18.6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Application of innovation platforms to catalyse adoption of conservation agriculture practices in South Asia

Conservation agriculture-based sustainable intensification (CASI) is a package of practices that could improve the sustainability of smallholder farm productivity and profitability. However, existing extension systems are unable to facilitate widespread adoption to have the impact necessary to meet food security and livelihood requirements. This paper examines the utility of ‘Innovation Platforms’ (IPs) as a tool to catalyse adoption of CASI for smallholder farmers in South Asia and generate opportunities for rural micro-entrepreneurship in areas with high rates of poverty, small farm sizes and complex labour markets. We established 37 village-level and five District-level IPs across the Eastern Gangetic Plains of Nepal, Bangladesh, and India. IPs allowed widespread uptake of CASI with benefits to smallholder farmers, input and output suppliers, and enabled extension systems to be more efficient. There was variability across locations with different modes of IPs established, building on existing farmer or community youth groups, and enabling micro-entrepreneur business opportunities. IPs were effective in developing trust in communities, among stakeholders, empowering rural youth and women through direct engagement. Ensuring strong ownership was key. Further work is needed to provide opportunities for high-level policy support to assist IPs to have a wider impact in supporting large-scale adoption of CASI